Economics and Business Statistics Discussion Paper Series

The Economics and Business Statistics Discussion Paper Series

The Economics and Business Statistics Discussion Paper Series hosts work in progress and preliminary research findings by researchers and associates of the Department, with the aim of stimulating useful discussion and helpful comment among the community of scholars, policymakers and practitioners.

Papers by Year

2025 Papers

Title	Author(s)	Description
2025-01: Understanding structural change from transitioning to a low-carbon economy: an integrated multi-model approach for ɫ��վ	Marc Jim M. Mariano, George Verikios and Yingying Lu	Continued climate change raises concerns on climate-related physical and transition risks. This study focuses on transition risk or the structural change related to decarbonisation.

2024 Papers

Title	Author(s)	Description
2024-01: Introducing a personal income tax in a small oil-rich economy: Incidence, Efficiency and Equity.	George Verikios, Marc Jim Mariano and Jodie Patron	Oman has a growing population and a heavy reliance on the oil and gas sectors that has witnessed low oil prices in recent years. This has contributed to a fall in government revenue per person and a deterioration in the government’s fiscal position. A personal income tax (PIT) may provide the government with a mechanism to raise revenue and address the budget deficit.
2024-02: Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth: Evidence from Asian Countries.	Dananjani Basnayake, Athula Naranpanawa, Saroja Selvanathan and Jayatilleke Bandaralage	Over the past few decades, the role of financial inclusion in achieving inclusive economic growth has been widely recognized, especially in developing countries. Despite the importance of financial inclusion, there seem to be few empirical studies regarding this, with a focus on the Asian region. Therefore, this study discusses the impact of financial inclusion on the economic growth of 28 Asian countries using the Financial Access Survey (FAS) data from 2004 to 2019.
2024-03: Mobile Banking Apps and the Informal Economy	Shawn Hunter, Andreas Chai, Peter Morgan, Nicholas Rohde	Reducing preference for cash and supporting the adoption of digital financial services can help achieve financial inclusion while also diminishing economic informality. However, previous evidence suggests that increased access to formal banking services has not resulted in an immediate reduction in usage of informal services.
2024:04: Who uses mobile payment apps in Developing Countries?	Shawn Hunter, Andreas Chai, Peter Morgan, Sameer Deshpande, Nicholas Rohde	Financial inclusion is a key developmental objective for many low- and middle-income countries. It is generally believed that improving general education and financial literacy (knowledge of banking and financial systems) will translate into greater participation rates in various forms of digital finance.

2023 Papers

Title	Author(s)	Description
2023-01: Economic Insecurity, Nativism, and the Erosion of Institutional Trust.	Nicholas Rohde	We study markers of economic insecurity and nativism as factors explaining recent declines in institutional confidence. Taking microdata from 64 middle and upper-income nations, we show that hostility towards immigrants/immigration and a synthetic measure of economic insecurity are both significant predictors of individual level institutional mistrust.
2023-02: Are Input-Output Coefficients Really Fixed?	Mark Jim M. Mariano, George Verikios and Kenneth W. Clements	It is standard practice to treat input-output (I-O) coefficients as fixed. We show this is unwarranted and offer a simple way of allowing for variable coefficients. Using 25 years of IO tables for ɫ��վ, we present prime facie evidence that coefficients change substantially.

2022 Papers

Title	Author(s)	Description
2022-01: Economic Insecurity, Populism and Public Trust: an Experimental Approach	Alessio Rebechi, Nicholas Rohde and Conchita D’Ambrosio	This paper tries to experimentally analyses the role of perceived economic insecurity in shaping political attitudes. Specifically, we are interested in testing whether feeling of economic insecurity led to increased populist attitudes and distrust via racial anxiety.
2022-02: Macroeconomic Shocks and Income Distribution: the Case of Coronavirus in ɫ��վ.	George Verikios and Marc Jim M. Mariano	The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic brought economic recession that affected nations, businesses, and households globally. The severity of this global economic crisis is large and the impact has been asymmetric across socioeconomic groups. We examine distributional effects of the COVID-19 pandemic across household types using a specially-designed model that combines macro (computable general equilibrium) and micro (heterogenous households) approaches.

2021 Papers

Title	Author(s)	Description
2021-01: Multi-generational Socioeconimic Inequalities in ɫ��վn Health Outcomes.	Namal N. Balasooriya, Jayatilleke S. Bandara, Nichols Rohde	This paper studies multigenerational health transmission mechanisms in ɫ��վn panel data. Using inequality–of–opportunity (IOP) models, we demonstrate that grandparental socioeconomic status (SES) is an important determinant of personal health, even after controlling for health and SES at the parental level.
2021-02: Transmission of Socioeconomic Inequality.	Nicholas Rohde, Pravin Trivedi, KK Tang, Prasada Rao	This paper studies the roles of cognitive and non-cognitive skills in the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status. Using ɫ��վn microdata, we model the effects of individuals’ backgrounds on adult income. Cognitive/non-cognitive skills are then examined as (i) additional direct determinants, (ii) path variables that transmit effects from other sources, and (iii) modifiers capturing heterogeneity across psychologically different individuals.
2020-03: Child Gender, Egalitarian Attitudes and Economic Inequalities.	Nicholas Rohde	We study the effects of gender composition of children on the sociopolitical attitudes of their parents. Having daughters significantly increases parental support for gender-egalitarian viewpoints, a result that holds across a range of different indicators.
2021-04: Economic Insecurity, Racial Anxiety and Right-Wing Populism.	Alessio Rebechi, Nicholas Rohde	This paper studies the roles of economic insecurity and attitudes to racial inequality as predictors of voting patterns in the 2016 US election. Using data from the 2016 Voter Survey, we show that both perceptions of economic insecurity, and concerns over anti-white discrimination, are significant correlates of Republican support.
2021-05: Expenditure Patterns, Heterogeneity and Long-Term Structural Change.	Kenneth W. Clements, Marc Jim M. Mariano and George Verikios	The simplicity and parsimony of the linear expenditure system (LES) of consumer demand accounts for its influence and popularity in numerous applications. But the model struggles to deal adequately with heterogeneity mainly because of its linear Engel curves. In this paper we deal with the issue by disaggregating consumers according to their income.
2021-06: Understanding the ɫ��վn economy - a computable general equilibrium model.	George Verikios, Kevin Hanslow, Marc Jim M. Mariano and Kenneth Clements.	This document describes the theory, data and parameters of a multi-sectoral model of the ɫ��վn economy.
2021-07: Who is buying electric vehicles in ɫ��վ?	Anna Mortimore, Shyama Ratnasiri and Md Sayed Iftekhar	Electric vehicle (EV) adoption is one of the most effective strategies to reduce CO2 emissions. To devise appropriate policy measures to accelerate the adoption of EVs, it is necessary to understand the motives and experiences of early adopters.
2021-08: Financial inclusion and income inequality nexus: A case of Africa.	Jeleta Kebede, Athula Naranpanawa and Sara Selvanathan	Reducing income inequality to ensure everyone enjoys the dividend of economic growth is among the priorities in achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Recently, using an inclusive financial system as an instrument to promote inclusive growth has become a global policy priority.
2021-09: The determinants of foreign direct investment: A review and re-analysis of evidence from ɫ��վ.	Zac Rafidi and George Verikos	Foreign direct investment (FDI) is foundational to economic growth. Despite this, the ɫ��վn empirical literature is limited. Therefore we examine the empirical determinants of ɫ��վ’s inflow of FDI to understand the factors that motivate FDI.

2020 Papers

Title	Author(s)	Description
2020-01: Long-run growth prospects for the UK's regions.	Ian Hurst and Garry Young	The UK faces a number of economic challenges in the short- to medium-term. Renegotiation of trading arrangements with the European Union is the most prominent of these. We build on existing macroeconomic analysis of these challenges by projecting the future effects on the UK’s regions. The forecasts are generated by combining a global macroeconometric model and a regional computable general equilibrium of the UK.
2020-02: A multi-sector model of the United Kingdom: Theory, data and parameters.	George Verikios, Kevin Hanslow, Daniel Bahyl and Reza Gharibnavaz	This document describes the theory, data and parameters of a multi-sectoral model of the four countries of the United Kingdom – England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The four countries are represented as separate economies linked by inter-regional trade flows.
2020-03: Explaining inequalities in COVID-19 mortality between U.S. States.	Anita Staneva and Fabrizio Carmignani	The U.S. has the most confirmed cases of coronavirus in the world, and all the states have been affected in varying degrees, including the death rates. Washington, New York, Oklahoma, have COVID-19 deaths rates of over 4.5%, which is three times higher than Tennessee and Texas death rates, of 1.8%.1 It is unknown whether such inequalities reflect differences between states in their population characteristics, socio-economics, health, and tobacco environmental or all of these.
2020-04: Financial inclusion: Measure, and nexus with bank market structure in Africa.	Jeleta Kebede, Athula Naranpanawa and Saroja Selvanathan	Financial inclusion is increasingly receiving global policy priority recently because it enables access to financial services such as savings, payments, risk management and credit to households and firms with a wide range of needs. However, we are not aware of any study related to measure of financial inclusion and the effects of bank market power and bank asset concentration on financial inclusion in Africa.
2020-05: Foreign-domestic subscription, import penetration and CGE modelling.	Kenneth Clements, Marc Jim Mariano and George Verikios	Foreign-domestic substitution elasticities (the so-called “Armington elasticities”) determine the degree of competitiveness in demand between similar products produced in different countries and are key parameters in a variety of numerical models of international trade.
2020-06: Estimate the linear expenditure system with cross-sectional data.	Kenneth W. Clements, Marc Jim M. Mariano and George Verikios.	The linear expenditure system (LES) is a popular model for analysing consumer behaviour in relation to changes in prices and income. The first part of this paper provides a comprehensive review of LES, including its positive and negative attributes. Emphasis is placed on the application to cross-section data where there is no price variation.

2019 Papers

Title	Author(s)	Description
	Thomas Massey and George Verikios	This work applies propensity score matching to assess the impact of methamphetamine on mental health. Using ɫ��վn microdata from the 2013 National Drug Strategy Household Survey, Kessler scores of recent and non-recent methamphetamine users are analysed after controlling for confounding variables.
	S Tharshan, W L M A Liyanage, P G K Nilanka, E A Selvanathan, M Jayasinghe and S Selvanathan	This paper investigates the impact of sectoral government expenditure on economic growth using Sri Lanka as a case study. For this purpose, we use Sri Lankan data at the national and sectoral levels for the period 1985-2016
	R.D. Asanka Maithreerathna, P. Chamika Mummullage, Athula Naranpanawa, Chandika Gunasingheqqqq
	Kasun Kumarasiri, Ruchira L Weerasekara, Chaturika Ranaweera and Tilak Liyanaarachchi	Public debt is one of the key fiscal policy variables that can be influence the economic growth of any country. For this reason, policymakers and economists have worried about the relationship between debt and growth. Empirical studies of the relationship between debt and growth have, however, been recently contested because of their mixed results; negative vs positive and linear vs non-linear.
	Andreas Chai, Suzanne Bonner, Shane Tennet, Shyama Ratnasiri and Liam Wagner	This paper conducts a regional micro simulation model exercise that delivers estimates energy poverty levels across regional Queensland in a number of different dimension including: estimates of the number of households experiencing energy poverty in a region, the ability of households across regions to adapt to rising prices (price elasticity); and the number of households experiencing mortgage distress.
2019-06: Nappies, books and wrinkles: How children, qualifications and age affect female underemployment in ɫ��վ.	Parvinder Kler, Azhar Hussain Potia, Sriram Shankar	Using 2001-17 panel data, this paper investigates the determinants of underemployment among females in part-time employment. This is a matter of policy relevance given the high and growing rate of part-time employment in ɫ��վ and the preponderance of females in this work role.

2018 Papers

Title	Author(s)	Description
	Tommy Soesmanto and Suzanne Bonner	In recent years, the ɫ��վn tertiary education sector embraced the gradual adaption of the dual mode system in course delivery in universities and higher degree education providers. In such systems, students have the option, as well as the flexibility, to undertake the same course in a face-to-face environment and/or an online environment. This paper presents an evaluation of the dual mode design of a first year business statistics course delivered at Griffith University.
	Andreas Chai	This study has three goals: first, we review how the composition of final demand tends to evolve as household income grows. Second we discuss what implications these trends in demand have for the industrial composition of growing economies. Finally, we discuss how these evolving consumption patterns are themselves linked to a range of demographic, geographic, and social factors that may account for observed differences in the cross country consumption patterns.
	Sudeshna Paul, Athula Naranpanawa, Jay Bandaralage and Tapan Sarker	Regarding the Agriculture sector in Bangladesh, climate change has been portrayed as having one of the most potentially significant negative impacts on the national macroeconomic environment. However, while the existing literature makes reference to estimations of the impacts of climate change on the national economy, it has presented little detailed evidence regarding its impacts on different regions or regional disparities.
	M Obucina, N Harris, JA Fitzgerald, A Chai, K Radford, A Ross, L Carr, N Vecchio	The Triple Aim framework is an increasingly popular tool for designing and assessing quality improvements in the health care sector. We systematically reviewed the empirical evidence on the application of the Triple Aim framework within primary healthcare settings since its inception almost a decade ago.
	T Kifle, P Kler and CM Fleming	This paper utilises the occupational attainment approach to investigate immigrant labour market assimilation, complementing other assimilation approaches such as employability, earnings, skills-match and job satisfaction.

2017 Papers

Title	Author(s)	Description
	T Kifle, P Kler and S Shankar	Utilising 2001-14 Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in ɫ��վ panel data, this study investigates the phenomenon of underemployment among part-time employees, and its impact on job satisfaction. Whilst the Macroeconomic effects are readily understood in terms of labour under-utilisation, underemployment has potential deleterious effects at the personal level on workplace productivity, should the underemployed suffer from lower levels of job satisfaction relative to the non-underemployed.
	George Verikios	The economic effects of pandemic influenza, a regularly recurring form of infectious disease, are analysed. Epidemiological and economic models are linked to capture the transmission of the pandemic from regional populations to regional economies.
	Alice Albonico, Alessia Paccagnini and Patrizio Tirelli	We build up and estimate a two-region DSGE model of the Euro area, investigating the interactions between the peripheral countries (PIIGS) and the rest of EMU. Our main focus is on the 2008-2009 Önancial crisis and on the subsequent 2010-sovereign bond crisis.
	Martino N Ricci and Patrizio Tirelli	Can a DSGE model replicate the financial crisis effects without assuming unprecedented and implausibly large shocks? Starting from the assumption that the subprime crisis triggered the financial crisis, we introduce balance-sheet effects for housing market borrowers and for commercial banks in an otherwise standard DSGE model.
	Nerina Vecchio and Nicholas Rohde	To estimate the influence of inadequate access to healthcare services on the rate of Emergency Room (ER) hospital visits in ɫ��վ.
	Ross Guest, Nicholas Rohde, Saroja Selvanathan and Tommy Soesmanto	This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the response of student satisfaction scores to online delivery for courses at a large ɫ��վn university.
	Panagodage Janaka Sampath Fernando, Hasthimuni Nadeeka De Silva, Athula Naranpanawa and Chandika Gunasinghe	In this paper we analyze the impact of public debt on economic growth in Sri Lanka with special emphasis on the quality of borrowing and uses of borrowing.
	Anushiya Sireeranhan, Jeyapiratheepa Antonarulrajah, EA Selva Selvanathan and Saroja Selvanathan	Sri Lanka is one of the most popular tropical tourism destinations, due to its’ abundance of natural and cultural tourist attractions.
	P Sivashankar, RMPS Rathnayake, Maneka Jayasinghe and Christine Smith	Tax income plays an integral part in the generation of government revenue. Nevertheless, an increase in tax rates, more specifically those of the consumption tax such as Value Added Tax (VAT) can have an adverse impact on the welfare of households, particularly in developing countries with a higher proportion of poor households
	Hasara Rathnasekara, Madhavie Herath, Shyama Ratnasiri and Ranjika Walisinghe	Since liberalization of trade barriers in 1977, Sri Lanka has attempted to formulate policies to expand the export sector significantly.
	George Verikios, Jodie Patron and Reza Gharibnavaz	We estimate the marginal excess burden of the GST and its components. Our results show that the GST is highly distortionary in its treatment of intermediate inputs and investment, but is efficient as applied to household consumption
	Andreas Chai, Christian Kiedaisch and Nicholas Rohde	Several cross country studies show that rising household income leads to consumption spending being spread more evenly across different spending categories(Clements et al., 2006). We argue that this result is likely due to aggregation.

2016 Papers

Title	Author(s)	Description
	Athula Ranasinghe, Sunimalee Madurawala, Jen Je Su and Thushara Senadeera	Using a countrywide sample survey of enterprises, this study finds empirical evidence that the manufacturing sector in Sri Lanka is facing a serious labor shortage problem.
	Liang-Cheng Zhang, Andrew C Worthington	Numerous studies have investigated economies of scale and scope in higher education as a means of providing public and private providers of college and university teaching and research and their stakeholders with knowledge of the cost structures that underpin provision in this economically and socially important sector. However, debate continues on the precise nature of these economies of scale and scope given the mixed findings, largely because of the significant institutional and other differences in the chosen context.
2016–03: Empirical analysis of ɫ��վn consumption patterns	Lucille Wong, Eliyathamby A Selvanathan, Saroja Selvanathan
2016–02: Fiscal consolidation and ɫ��վ's optimal public debt	Anthony J Makin
	Nicholas Rohde, KK Tang and Lars Osberg	This paper models the dynamic effects of economic insecurity on bodyweight. Using ɫ��վn panel data, we infer an individual’s level of economic insecurity as a function of exposure to various financial risks and employ regression equations to explore its effect upon current period

2015 Papers

Title	Author(s)	Description
	Muzaffar Ahunov, Jakhongir Kakhkharov, Ziyodullo Parpiev and Inna Wolfson	This paper attempts to look closely at socio-economic consequences of migration and remittance decisions of the Uzbek households
	Sriyantha Fernando, Jayatilleke S Bandara, Christine Smith and Tien Pham	Following the end of nearly three decades of civil war in May 2009, Sri Lanka has witnessed an unprecedented post-war tourism boom beyond its expectation. Recognising the key role that the tourism industry can play in post-war development the Sri Lankan government launched a Tourism Development Strategy (TDS).
	Tilak Liyanaarachchi, Athula Naranpanawa and Jayatilleke S Bandara	This paper revisits the long standing controversy of trade and poverty linkage using a macro-micro approach based on general equilibrium and microsimulation analytical frameworks.
	Karin Josephine Andersson, Nathan Brierley, Feliks Hedstroem, Daniel Herr and Joshua Risson	This report investigates the costs of beach congestion, with an emphasis on surfers and general beach goers. The estimates of the costs of beach congestion are used to assess the cost effectiveness of measures to reduce congestion.
	Athula Naranpanawa	Recent focus on poverty alleviation under the United Nations Millennium Development Goals has led to a renewed interest in understanding the regional or State level economic impacts of agricultural productivity improvements within the context of emerging and developing countries. However, the empirical evidence on this linkage has been ambiguous.
2015–02: Can trade liberalisation bring benefits to the war affected regions and create economic stability in post-war Sri Lanka? (International Journal of Social Economics)	Athula Naranpanawa and Jayathileka S Bandara
	Nicholas Rohde, Lars Osberg, KK Tang and Prasada Rao	This paper contrasts the mental and physical health impacts of vulnerability and economic insecurity. Vulnerability refers to exposure to economic risks for individuals just above the poverty line, while insecurity relates to risk exposure at any point in the income distribution.

2014 Papers

Title	Author(s)	Description
	Deeptha Wijerathna, Jayatilleke S Bandara, Christine Smith and Athula Naranpanawa	Similar to many other developing countries, Sri Lanka has agreed to stream line its development process in order to achieve the eight millennium development goals (MDGs) by 2015. Even though the country is well on its way in achieving a number of MDG targets at the national level, it has to think beyond these goals in overcoming the long lasting regional economic disparities.
	Jakhongir Kakhkharov	The enormous scale and remarkable growth of remittances to developing and transition economies in the last decade have attracted the attention of policy-makers and scholars.
	Fabrizio Carmignani	The debate on the use of fiscal policy as a tool of macroeconomic stabilization is quite vehement in ɫ��վ and abroad. This paper contributes to the discussion by estimating the response of ɫ��վn GDP and employment to government consumption shocks.
	Daniel Bahyl, Katarzyna Ptasinska and Daniel Roos	This paper considers the progress of poverty alleviation in Sub-Saharan Africa using multidimensional indices.
	Nicholas Rohde, Kam Ki Tang, Lars Osberg and DS Prasada Rao	This paper estimates the impact of economic insecurity on the mental health of ɫ��վn adults.
	Fabrizio Carmignani	What are the macroeconomic implications of having a resource-rich neighbour? The voluminous literature on the curse of natural resources exclusively focuses on “domestic” effects; that is, how resource intensity in country i affects country i’s development.
	Andreas Chai	The recent introduction of online lecture recordings have endowed students with greater flexibility about when they can access learning material and what type of tasks they can undertake during private study. Consistent with behavioral models of intertemporal choice, we find evidence that this new technology alters study behavior in two respects.
2014-03: Estimating remittances in the former Soviet Union: Methodological complexities and potential solutions (Working paper)	Kakhkharov, Jakhongir, Akimov, Alexandr	Remittances in the former Soviet Union have increased rapidly over the past decade. In some countries of the former Soviet Union, remittances have reached staggering levels.
	Fabrizio Carmignani and Parvinder Kler	Anecdotal accounts of the geographical spread of war inevitably involve Sub-Sahara African countries. But is the conflict spillover effect effectively stronger in SubSaharan Africa than elsewhere?
	Minh Son Le, Duc Tho Nguyen and Tarlok Singh	Vietnam transitioned into a market economy in 1986 from a centrally planned economy, and subsequently achieved remarkable outcomes in economic development in the 1990s.

2013 Papers

Title	Author(s)	Description
	Richard A Iles	The combined analysis of revealed preference and qualitative choice data offer complementary features in addressing data shortages and reliability constraints faced in many Low-Middle Income Countries. The lack of data for rural north India’s primary health care market provides a context in which this joint modelling is advantageous.
	Richard A Iles and John M Rose
	Parvinder Kler	The history of social and economic advancement for all members of society, particularly the working class has one of uneven and patchy development. Indeed, since the industrial revolution inadvertently brought forth the ingredients for potential collective action, to the present period of globalisation and post-industrialisation the world has borne witness to periods of both cordial and fraught relations between labour and owners of capital.
	Fabrizio Carmignani and Parvinder Kler	We apply panel estimation methods to test how the incidence of war in neighbourhood countries affects the incidence of war in the domestic country.
	Christopher L Ambrey, Christopher M Fleming and Andrew Yiu-Chung Chan	Making use of data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in ɫ��վ (HILDA) survey coupled with air pollution data generated by The Air Pollution Model (TAPM), this paper employs the life satisfaction approach to estimate the cost of air pollution from human activities in South East Queensland.
	Christopher L Ambrey, Christopher M Fleming and Matthew Manning	This paper is motivated by the need to develop an improved model for estimating the intangible costs of crime.

2012 Papers

Title	Author(s)	Description
	Neelesh Gounder	This paper examines whether financial development promotes economic growth in Fiji over the period 1970 to 2005.
	Christopher L Ambrey and Christopher M Fleming	The valuation of complex environmental goods represents a considerable challenge for conventional non-market valuation techniques. The use of life satisfaction (or happiness) data has recently emerged as a new means of placing monetary values on non-market goods and services.
	Christopher L Ambrey and Christopher M Fleming	Employing data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in ɫ��վ (HILDA) survey, this paper examines the level, determinants and distribution of selfreported life satisfaction, as well as the prevalence and severity of dissatisfaction in ɫ��վ over the period 2001-2010.
	Alex Robson	When there are three parties, it is well known that the Coase Theorem may not hold even when there are no transaction costs, due to the emptiness of the core of the corresponding cooperative game [Aivazian and Callen (1981)]. We show that the standard Coasean bargaining game involving three parties is strategically equivalent to an asymmetric three player majority game.
	Alex Robson	We study contests between players who care only about the mean and variance of lotteries. This framework admits situations where players may not obey the axioms of expected utility maximization.
	Andrew Smith	Fractional Reserve Banking – the system of banking where depositors place their money at a bank for, ostensibly, a short time, but the bank lends it out for periods of perhaps up to 30 years – has been with us since, at least, London goldsmiths developed the practice in the 17th century.
	Neelesh Gounder	This paper uses household survey data to model the determinants of household consumption and poverty in Fiji.
	Fabrizio Carmignani	The prevailing view in policy circles is that landlockedness is bad for development because it reduces trade. This paper shows that other channels of transmission are likely to be important and, possibly, quantitatively larger and statistically stronger than the trade channel.
	Christopher L Ambrey and Christopher M Fleming	This paper uses the life satisfaction approach to value ɫ��վ’s protected areas, grouped by IUCN protected area management category.
	Andreas Chai and Wolfhard Kaus	This paper explores the relationship between the dispersion of group income and conspicuous consumption levels of individuals in multi-group settings. Consistent with existing finding we find a negative relationship between income dispersion and conspicuous consumption.
	Christopher L Ambrey and Christopher M Fleming	This paper examines the influence of public greenspace on the life satisfaction of residents of ɫ��վ’s capital cities.

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